NAOJ GW Elog Logbook 3.2
Yuhang and Michael
We checked the output of green power vs injected infrared for the new OPO. A variable ND filter was placed along the path and then the power meter was used just before the OPO for IR and just after for green. Figure 1 shows the IR vs green profile and the efficiency of green generation. Note that the efficiency is P_green/P_IR^2. In Matteo's thesis figure 5.7, the efficiency of a PPKTP SHG IR to green conversion is found to be about 2.3 /mW, vs 0.4 /mW here. But, we are using an OPO cavity with an incoupling mirror that has 20% reflectivity for green, whereas an SHG cavity should be completely transmissive for green.
For whatever reason, the power reading with the variable ND filter in place didn't seem very stable. But when we removed it to do a couple of high power measurements, it was more stable.
The green beam shape also looks good (figure 2).
Before removing #3 of the birefringence measurement setup I measured the incident and transmitted IR power at normal incidence.
From this measurement, I estimated a rough upper limit of scattered power to be 1 % but note that we had power fluctuations at about 4% during this measurement.
While this value is not precise at all, it is far below the green scattered power (supposedly between 10 and 30 % ; hopefully elog will follow for this measurement)
It means that the scattered power is strongly decreasing with the wavelength.
We changed IR laser and the camera which can receive IR light for IR measurement.
2days ago, we take picture of Aztec3 sample and we can see 4 scattering lights.
The light on the most right is front surface scattering.
The light seen third from the right is back surface scattering.
The light seen forth from the right(most left) is back reflection light.
About second one, we are discussing.
Yesterday, we installed beam profiler in clean room and measured new laser.
The result is like this.
The beam size is large. We will put some collimator lens.
Abe, Ikeda, Marc
Today we brought the beam profiler from ATC clean room to the PCI clean room.
We also brought AZTEC #1 from ATC to PCI cleanroom and reapplied first contact to one of the surface.
Marc, Matteo
We checked the 1.5 inch absorption and got expected values.
We installed #5 and did a long z scan to find the 2 surfaces at 26.3 mm and 114.7 mm making z_center = 71 mm.
From this measurement we could also see absorption about 200 ppm/cm...
In any case we started XY measurement at Z_center.
I removed #3 without rotating it : Please don't touch the holder nor the mirror as we need to precisely mark the c-axis orientation
I realigned and characterized with razor blades both the probe and pump beam as reported in figures 1 and 2.
Note that the x axis of these figures is somewhat random (just corresponds to translation stage z position with the razor blades installed)
I got good values of AOI, beam sizes and crossing point.
I measured the surface reference sample :
We did measurement with input polarization angles of 0 deg, 15 deg and 30 deg.
We computed delta n and theta from them.
Especially, we found that theta = 1.6 deg in the center of the mirror.
This is exactly the value we expected from the HWP rotation angle.
We will use this rotation of the mirror for the polishing.
Yuhang and Michael
We measured some more points of the green power versus crystal temperature characteristic for the new OPO. However, this time we put a laser line filter after the OPO to cut off any transmitted infrared beam from reaching the power meter. We had a suspicion that this was causing an offset in the measurement. We did a small comparison with some values of T that were already measured as well. With the laser line filter, the green power meter reading is much lower, even though it is supposed to be switched to the "532nm" setting. We checked if this was a linear or nonlinear offset by looking at some values in the flat, steep and peak parts of the green vs T curve. As we can see in figure 1, subtracting the power offset between the measurement sets works well for the green vs T peak. There is a bit of a discrepancy in the points connecting the left side "shoulder" of the peak, but looking at my recordings I think this was a set of points from before we optimised the locking of the OPO (i.e. unlocking and relocking between each temperature change). Anyway, we can see that the peak phase matching occurs at 7.26 kOhm thermistor resistance, which corresponds almost exactly to the old OPO. Also I made a mistake in reporting the amount of power in 3018, it is actually about 357 mW of infrared being sent to the new OPO.
Then we measured the beam profile of the generated green coming from the OPO, in order to find the actual beam position inside the OPO assembly. The measurement is set so that z = 0 corresponds to the metal edge of the OPO holder as shown in figure 2. We used the beam profiler shown in figure 3, removed the ND filter and turned the lights off since the generated green power is very low. The beam profiler software gives us the "13.5%" Gaussian beam width. We used an f = 500 mm lens placed at z = 8 cm with the intent of making it easier to measure the beam over a longer distance, since the OPO beam waist is of the order of 20 µm. The beam profile measurement begins at z = 10cm, so the calculated waist here is for the beam after the lens, as shown in figure 4. I will add a comments later with a JaMMT calculation using the fitted beam and actual lens parameters (Thorlabs LA4181).
However, even using a f = 500 mm lens, we couldn't measure over a large range of distance values, because the beam quickly became too large for the beam profiler. Looking at the graph it looks like low z values are above the fit line while high z values are below, and the beam isn't really focusing. We should probably change the lens or lens position.
Marc, Michael, Yuhang
Today we finished the cleaning of #5 and the 1.5 inch sapphire.
Then, we tried to fine tune the rotation angle of the mirror.
This time, we placed a flexible ruler on the mirror and could precisely (+/-0.2 mm) estimate the arc length of the rotation.
The results are attached in figure 1.
Actually I made a mistake and rotated the HWP by +0.7 deg before this measurement so we need to add this value to the effective rotation of the mirror.
Note that for some points the mirror was a bit tilted which creates stronger coupling between s and p polarizations.
That's why we repeated measurements at some rotation angle.
We started measurement at -2.9 deg rotation with HWP = 0 deg.
In the end, before starting polarization measurement, we checked the HWP position that minimized the Ip power to be +0.8 deg.
Marc, Yuhang
As for any waveplate, theta should have a 90 degrees periodicity with maybe one of the 2 orthogonal axis of better quality than the other.
We performed large rotation of the mirror while injecting s polarization and results are reported in the attached figure.
We estimated the rotation angle by measuring the arc length between each rotation. The errorbar comes from uncertainty in this estimation (+/-5 mm).
We measured the Ip and Is intensities at the center of the mirror.
We found out that we have, as expected, a 90 degrees periodicity in the minimum of Ip (or equivalently the s to p polarization losses).
Furthermore, it seems that a +90 degrees rotation (+ means clockwise rotation from the laser side), gave better results than around 0 degrees.
We started measurement at this position that are attached in the following figures.
They show the only small improvement on the losses but this might be due to the remaining theta.
The mean theta at the center position is -2.09 deg.
Marc, Michael, Yuhang
Today we finished the cleaning of #5 and the 1.5 inch sapphire.
Then, we tried to fine tune the rotation angle of the mirror.
This time, we placed a flexible ruler on the mirror and could precisely (+/-0.2 mm) estimate the arc length of the rotation.
The results are attached in figure 1.
Actually I made a mistake and rotated the HWP by +0.7 deg before this measurement so we need to add this value to the effective rotation of the mirror.
Note that for some points the mirror was a bit tilted which creates stronger coupling between s and p polarizations.
That's why we repeated measurements at some rotation angle.
We started measurement at -2.9 deg rotation with HWP = 0 deg.
In the end, before starting polarization measurement, we checked the HWP position that minimized the Ip power to be +0.8 deg.
We did measurement with input polarization angles of 0 deg, 15 deg and 30 deg.
We computed delta n and theta from them.
Especially, we found that theta = 1.6 deg in the center of the mirror.
This is exactly the value we expected from the HWP rotation angle.
We will use this rotation of the mirror for the polishing.
There is a little discrepancy between the 2 ways we compute the s to p polarization losses.
One possible explanation could be that we were using the mean of theta and delta n from 7 measurements during about 5 days.
It is quite probable that alignment condition or translation stage position slightly drifted between each measurements making this mean value a bit different with some sharp features.
I attach to this entry the comparison between the direct estimation of losses and the delta n and theta computed for each input polarization angle.
There is no sharp feature anymore and we have better agreement between the 2 estimations !
Here is a set of data points measured for generated green power versus thermistor resistance. The PDH lock was optimised at each temperature change. Note that only about 200 µW of infrared is sent to the OPO. The gap was just due to a note taking error, so we will fill out the rest of the points soon.
Yuhang and Michael
After the OPO alignment optimization, it was found that PDH signal was lost. Today, we found what is causing this problem: the OPO transmission PD is misaligned (drop from more than 5V to ~50mV). After aligning OPO transmission PD back, the PDH signal is recovered. (It was checked that the signal sent to EOM is 2Vrms, according to logbook2469, the modulation strength is 0.1-0.3rad/V, so we should have a modulation of 0.2-0.6rad. If we have 0.6rad, we should see about 10% power drop from carrier. If we have 0.2rad, the power goes to sidebands should be negligible. the modulation should be almost negligible since we didn't observe a power decrease after sending modulation)
Then we measured OPO generated green power as a function of OPO temperature. The measurement offset power on power meter is 3.3uW. We take measurement from temperature controller reading 7.7kOhm to 6.5kOhm with a step of 0.02kOhm.
These are the measurements results
| 7.700 | 7.680 | 7.659 | 7.640 | 7.620 | 7.601 | 7.579 | 7.560 | 7.540 | 7.519 | 7.500 | 7.480 | 7.459 | 7.440 | 7.420 | 7.400 | 7.380 | 7.361 | 7.339 | 7.320 | 7.299 | 7.280 | 7.260 | 7.240 | 7.220 | 7.200 | 7.179 | 7.160 | 7.140 | 7.119 | 7.099 | 7.080 | 7.059 | 7.040 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 93.0 | 93.4 | 94.0 | 94.3 | 94.5 | 94.6 | 94.6 | 93.8 | 94.2 | 93.7 | 94.6 | 96.0 | 97.7 | 99.8 | 102.2 | 105.3 | 109.0 | 112.5 | 116.8 | 120.5 | 122.8 | 123.0 | 120.0 | 114.5 | 106.9 | 99.0 | 92.5 | 87.0 | 81.7 | 77.6 | 73.0 | 68.7 | 65.0 | 62.6 |
However, during this measurement, we found that the OPO lock was having some issues due to the disturbance from temperature change while OPO kept locked.
Thus we performed again the measurements with a OPO unlock/lock between each measurement. This new measurement didn't have locking issue and will be reported later as a comment to this logbook.
Aritomi and Yuhang
We followed the procedure in elog1188 to do a squeezing zero span measurement. This time, spectrum analyzer KEYSIGHT N9320B is used to perform this measurement.
Center frequency = 100kHz, RBW=VBW=1kHz, sweep time = 2s, SR560 gain = 100, signal sent to green phase shifter is 1.25Hz, 0.7Vpp.
We made measurement with and without CC field going to OPO, but CC PLL was not locked. The green power was 25mW sent to OPO. The nonlinear gain was measured to be around 3. The result is shown in attached figure.
From this measurement, it seems CC is not contributing any difference in this case. The measurement is too noisy anyway.
| green power (mW) | 0 | 25 |
| OPO temperature (kOhm) | 7.13 | 7.13 |
| p pol PLL frequency (MHz) | 230 | 180 |
| BAB maximum (mV) | 464 | 1460 |
| Nonlinear gain | 1 | 3.1 |
estimation of birefringence
By combining the several polarization measurements of AZTEC #3, it is possible to compute its birefringence parameters (delta n and theta) as shown in figure 1.
I modified also a bit this analysis as follow :
Because we are only sensitive to the modulus of the birefringence parameters, when theta is negative I take its opposite to only have positive theta.
Also, because delta n is proportional to arcsin( I_po * sin(2 * theta) ^2 ) where I_po is the p polarization when injecting s polarization, there could be points on the mirror where the arcsin is not defined (eg its parameters larger than 1).
In that case, I express delta n as pi/2 + arcsin( I_po * sin(2 * theta) ^2 mod(1) ).
I also show in figures 2 and 3 the stress coefficients.
Interestingly, the folding/discontinuity in theta happens for large stress area.
estimation of losses
From the birefringence parameters, it is possible to compute the s to p polarization losses as sin(2*theta)^2 * sin(pi*d*delta n / lambda) with d = 0.155 m the mirror thickness and lambda the wavelength.
This losses should actually corresponds exactly to the p polarization power when injecting s polarization.
These 2 measurements are shown in the top row of figure 4 (the black circle show the beam area when installed in KAGRA). They match really well except in the area with theta folding/discontinuity. We are currently investigating how to combine these 2 measurements to smoothen theta.
Also, we computed the mean losses as follow :
| from direct Ip measurement | from birefringence measurement | |
| accross all mirror | 0.79 % | 0.95% |
| weighted by the beam power distribution | 0.76 % | 0.96% |
| inside ITM beam diameter | 0.52 % | 0.72 % |
There is a little discrepancy between the 2 ways we compute the s to p polarization losses.
One possible explanation could be that we were using the mean of theta and delta n from 7 measurements during about 5 days.
It is quite probable that alignment condition or translation stage position slightly drifted between each measurements making this mean value a bit different with some sharp features.
I attach to this entry the comparison between the direct estimation of losses and the delta n and theta computed for each input polarization angle.
There is no sharp feature anymore and we have better agreement between the 2 estimations !
This entry reports polarization measurements of AZTEC #3 with polarization angle varying from 0 deg ( s polarization at the input) to 75 deg with 15 deg increments.
As expected from the new calibration (see 3007), the sum of the calibrated Is and Ip is constant and equal to 1.
Aritomi, Marc, Yuhang
We installed the camera on the PCI setup.
We changed its IP address, installed the Pylon software on the FC pc and can now access it.
Tuning a bit the gamma correction, exposure time and gain of the camera we could not see any IR beam on the mirror.
We will try again later on with a not moving mirror.
Yuhang and Michael
It was found that after flipping OPO, the alignment of OPO got worse and was hard to recover.
Today we checked again the alignment of OPO. We conclude that it is certainly that the flipping of OPO makes alignment worse. This is because that the mode matching condition is very much different depending on which side the laser enters OPO.
It was always questioned how we can make sure a good internal alignment. In fact, the alignment procedure of OPO is not so much different from our filter cavity. The only difference is that we cannot control the angle of OPO reflection surfaces as easily as the filter cavity mirrors.
For OPO input surface, we adjust injection beam to make injection and reflection overlap. But at the same time, we need to make sure the crystal transmission has a good shape.
For OPO end surface, we adjust input-coupler surface position to find interference.
At this step, the alignment is not optimized but we need to fix the input-coupler. Then we need to optimized mode matching. When optimizing mm, we need to pay attention to which lens is more sensitive. Pay attention also that after moving a lens, we basically just need to move the tilt of one steering mirror to recover alignment and compare the new mode matching HOM to understand if the mode matching is getting better or worse.
After optimizing mode matching, if there is still misalignment. (It was found that misalignment level is different when optimizing mode matching) We need to adjust input-coupling mirror.
The attached two figures show two situations: 1. after optimizing mode matching, before final alignment of input coupling mirror 2. after final alignment of input coupling mirror
There is still space to further optimize OPO alignment. Note that the OPO transmission power is increased in Fig.2.
In order to measure scattering at 1064 nm, I borrowed the camera foreseen to replace the camera in transmission of the END mirror (bassler acA-2040-25gmNIR)
I found the camera but could not find its power supply nor its lens so I used the POE ethernet connection and a lens of a spare/broken (?) camera nearby the first target.
I connected it to the new dgs switch for the camera server + ethernet connection for the front end and data concentrator pc.
The camera got really hot so I checked the power delivery of the POE which seemed fine (2W provided below the 3.1 W limit).
To made this check I connected my laptop to the switch and tweaked a bit the switch password and IP address.
However, because my windows is in japanese I could not tune too much the requirement on 'jumbo packet' so we will have to finalize this with japanese people.
I set a static IP address for the camera and could see the camera image on pylon software.
However, it seems that the 1064nm efficiency is really low so I'm not sure how well we will be able to see scattering.
I will do this test when AZTEC #3 birefringence measurement is finished.
Aritomi, Marc, Yuhang
We installed the camera on the PCI setup.
We changed its IP address, installed the Pylon software on the FC pc and can now access it.
Tuning a bit the gamma correction, exposure time and gain of the camera we could not see any IR beam on the mirror.
We will try again later on with a not moving mirror.